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Field Guide
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Gatekeeper

Pyronia tithonus

Not yet photographed by the community

Golden-brown; basks on bramble along hedgerows.

Species Profile

Amber List (declining in range and abundance across much of the UK)
Lifespan
2–3 weeks as an adult butterfly
Size & Weight
Wingspan 32–38 mm
Habitat
Grassland margins, woodland edges, hedgerows, and rough ground with tall grasses, particularly in southern and central Britain.
UK Distribution
Found throughout southern England, Wales, and the Midlands, with populations extending north to Lancashire and Yorkshire. Resident species with single annual generation; appears July to September.
Diet
Caterpillars feed on various grass species including purple moor-grass and tor-grass; adults feed on nectar from bramble, marjoram, and other wildflowers.
Predators
Spiders, robber flies, and insectivorous birds such as flycatchers and warblers.
Mating Season
July to September
Breeding
Single brood per year. Females lay eggs singly on grass stems in late summer. Caterpillars overwinter and pupate in spring. Eggs hatch after 2–3 weeks.
Behaviour
Males are highly territorial and perch on tall plants to watch for females, performing characteristic 'stuttering' flight patterns. They are reluctant fliers and rarely travel far from breeding sites. Adults are active in warm, sunny weather and rest with wings closed at night.
Did You Know?
  • •The name 'Gatekeeper' derives from their habit of perching on gate posts and fence posts along field margins.
  • •Each wing bears distinctive eyespots (ocelli) ringed with yellow, which may serve to deflect predator attacks away from vital body parts.
  • •This species is a strong indicator of good-quality, species-rich grassland habitats.
  • •Males engage in 'hilltopping' behaviour, gathering on elevated ground to intercept females.
  • •The Gatekeeper has declined significantly in the UK since the 1970s due to habitat loss, agricultural intensification, and loss of rough grassland margins.

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