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Field Guide
🪲

Emperor Moth

Saturnia pavonia

Not yet photographed by the community

Males fly by day on heathland; four vivid eye spots.

Species Profile

Least Concern; locally common in suitable habitats, though populations can fluctuate with environmental conditions.
Lifespan
4–6 weeks as an adult moth; total lifecycle 1 year including larval and pupal stages
Size & Weight
Wingspan 32–40 mm
Habitat
Open moorlands, heathlands, and rough grassland with abundant foodplants such as bilberry and heather.
UK Distribution
Resident species found primarily in northern England, Scotland, Wales, and southwestern England; populations are most abundant on upland areas and coastal heaths.
Diet
Adult moths do not feed; larvae feed exclusively on low-growing plants including bilberry, heather, hawthorn, and bramble.
Predators
Birds, spiders, and parasitic wasps; larvae are preyed upon by ground beetles and small mammals.
Mating Season
May to June
Breeding
Females lay clusters of 50–150 eggs on or near foodplants; single brood per year; eggs hatch after 1–2 weeks, larvae develop over 6–8 weeks, pupation occurs in soil for overwintering.
Behaviour
Males are day-flying and highly active, often seen hovering around vegetation in search of females. Females are mostly nocturnal and remain well-camouflaged. The species is notably dimorphic, with males smaller and more brightly coloured than females.
Did You Know?
  • •The Emperor Moth is the only British representative of the family Saturniidae (silk moths), making it a distinctive and iconic species.
  • •Males have distinctive feathered antennae that are used to detect pheromones from females from distances up to 1 km away.
  • •The species exhibits striking eyespots on the hindwings, which are thought to startle predators when suddenly exposed.
  • •The caterpillar is highly spiny with a distinctive green coloration, making it conspicuous but unpalatable to many predators.
  • •This moth has shown range expansion and population increases in recent decades, possibly linked to climate change and habitat management practices on heathlands.

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